The most innovative Ingredients in modern Supplements

In the ever-evolving world of health and wellness, the supplement industry continues to push the boundaries of innovation to provide consumers with cutting-edge products. These advancements are driven by the desire to enhance the effectiveness and bioavailability of supplements, as well as to meet the evolving needs of consumers. As a result, modern supplements are now infused with a plethora of innovative ingredients that offer unique benefits and advantages.

Importance of Innovation in Supplement Industry

Innovation plays a crucial role in the supplement industry for several reasons:

1. Enhanced Performance: Innovative ingredients can improve the performance and efficacy of supplements, ensuring that consumers get the most out of their products.
2. Meeting Consumer Demand: By incorporating new and novel ingredients, supplement manufacturers can cater to the ever-changing needs and preferences of consumers.
3. Health Benefits: Innovative ingredients are often backed by scientific research, offering additional health benefits that traditional supplements may lack.

Trends in Modern Supplement Ingredients

The supplement industry is constantly evolving, and with that evolution comes novel and innovative ingredients. Here are some of the most exciting trends in modern supplement ingredients:

1. Adaptogens: Adaptogens are natural substances that help the body adapt to stress and improve overall well-being. Ingredients like ashwagandha, rhodiola rosea, and holy basil are commonly used adaptogens in modern supplements.
2. Collagen Peptides: Collagen is the most abundant protein in our bodies and is responsible for providing structure and elasticity to our skin, hair, nails, and joints. Collagen peptides are hydrolyzed forms of collagen, making them easier to absorb and utilize in the body.
3. Prebiotics and Probiotics: Gut health has gained significant attention in recent years, leading to the inclusion of prebiotics and probiotics in many modern supplements. Prebiotics nourish the beneficial bacteria in our gut, while probiotics introduce beneficial bacteria to support digestive health.
4. Bioactive Peptides: Bioactive peptides are short chains of amino acids that can have specific physiological effects in the body. These peptides are often derived from proteins like whey, collagen, or milk and can target various areas such as muscle recovery, skin health, and cognitive function.

By incorporating these innovative ingredients into their products, supplement manufacturers are providing consumers with new and exciting ways to support their health and well-being. It is important to note that while these ingredients show promise, it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Stay tuned for the next sections, where we will delve deeper into each of these innovative ingredients and explore their specific benefits and applications.

Collagen Peptides

Summary

Collagen peptides are small protein fragments derived from animal collagen. They have potential benefits for aging skin, improving hydration, elasticity, and reducing wrinkles in older individuals. However, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support many other claimed uses.

Facts

• 🧴 Collagen peptides are small protein fragments obtained from animal collagen, a component of cartilage, bone, and skin.
• 🧪 When taken orally, collagen peptides can accumulate in the skin and cartilage, potentially improving certain skin and joint conditions.
• 🌟 Possibly Effective: Collagen peptides may enhance skin hydration and elasticity in older people, potentially reducing wrinkles, although the extent of improvement is uncertain.
• ❌ Possibly Ineffective: Collagen peptides do not appear to enhance leg muscle strength but may improve hand-grip strength.
• ⚠️ Side Effects: Collagen peptides are generally considered safe, with rare side effects reported. Daily doses of up to 10 grams for up to 5 months have been used safely.
• ⚠️ Precautions: The safety of collagen peptides during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unknown. It is recommended to avoid their use during these periods.
• 💊 Interactions: No information is available regarding interactions with other substances.

Benefits of Collagen Peptides in Supplements

1. Promotes Skin Health: Collagen is a vital protein that provides structure and elasticity to the skin. By incorporating collagen peptides in supplements, they can help improve skin hydration, reduce wrinkles, and enhance overall skin health.

2. Supports Joint Function: Collagen is a major component of cartilage, the tissue that cushions joints. Supplementing with collagen peptides can help improve joint health, reduce joint pain, and enhance mobility.

3. Strengthens Hair and Nails: Collagen is an essential building block for hair and nails. Including collagen peptides in supplements can help strengthen hair strands, improve hair thickness, and promote nail growth and durability.

4. Boosts Gut Health: Collagen peptides contain amino acids that support the integrity of the gut lining. This can help improve digestion, enhance nutrient absorption, and promote gut health.

Innovative Applications of Collagen Peptides

Collagen peptides have also been used innovatively in various supplements and products. Some of these applications include:

• Collagen-Infused Foods and Beverages: Collagen peptides can be incorporated into foods and beverages such as protein bars, collagen-infused water, and collagen coffee creamers, providing an easy and convenient way to boost collagen intake.

• Skincare Products: Collagen peptides are found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. These products aim to improve skin elasticity, reduce signs of aging, and promote a more youthful appearance.

• Sports Nutrition: Collagen peptides have been included in sports nutrition supplements like protein powders and recovery drinks. They help support muscle recovery, improve joint function, and reduce the risk of injuries.

The innovative use of collagen peptides in supplements has made them a highly sought-after ingredient in the health and wellness industry. Whether it’s for skin health, joint support, or overall well-being, collagen peptides offer a range of benefits that contribute to a healthier lifestyle.

Ashwagandha Extract

Ashwagandha, also known as Indian ginseng or winter cherry, is an herb used in Ayurvedic medicine to reduce stress, anxiety, and manage various chronic conditions. While there is some evidence supporting its potential benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects on human health.

Facts

• Ashwagandha has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine as a general tonic to boost energy, reduce stress, and manage anxiety.
• Some studies suggest that ashwagandha may have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, which could be beneficial for various health conditions.
• Promising studies on ashwagandha have mainly been conducted on animals, and more research is needed to determine its efficacy in humans.
• Some potential health benefits associated with ashwagandha include reducing stress and anxiety, treating arthritis, improving heart health, and possibly aiding in Alzheimer’s treatment and cancer prevention.
• The dosage of ashwagandha varies depending on the condition being treated, and it is best to consult a healthcare professional for guidance.
• While ashwagandha is generally well-tolerated, high doses can cause digestive upset, and pregnant women should avoid it due to potential risks to the fetus.
• Ayurvedic products, including ashwagandha, may lack regulation and could contain contaminants, so it is important to research the manufacturer before purchasing.

🌿 Ashwagandha has been used in Ayurvedic medicine as a tonic for centuries. 😌 Some studies suggest it may help reduce stress and anxiety.
🦴 It shows potential for treating arthritis and improving heart health.
🧠 There is preliminary evidence for its use in Alzheimer’s treatment and cancer prevention.
⚠️ High doses can cause digestive upset, and pregnant women should avoid it. ⚠️ Ayurvedic products may lack regulation and could contain contaminants.

Health Benefits of Ashwagandha Extract in Supplements

Ashwagandha extract is a popular ingredient in modern supplements due to its numerous health benefits. Here are some of the key benefits of including ashwagandha extract in your supplement routine:

1. Stress Reduction: Ashwagandha extract has been shown to help reduce stress and anxiety levels by balancing cortisol, a hormone associated with stress.

2. Improved Cognitive Function: Studies have found that ashwagandha extract may enhance cognitive function, including memory, focus, and attention.

3. Energy and Stamina: Ashwagandha extract is known for its adaptogenic properties, which can help boost energy levels and improve overall stamina.

4. Immune Support: Ashwagandha extract is rich in antioxidants, which can help strengthen the immune system and protect against oxidative stress.

Latest Innovations in Ashwagandha Extract

The demand for ashwagandha extract in supplements has led to the development of innovative forms and delivery methods. Here are some of the latest innovations in ashwagandha extract:

1. Ashwagandha Capsules: Traditional capsules offer a convenient and easy way to incorporate ashwagandha extract into your supplement routine.

2. Ashwagandha Powder: Ashwagandha powder can be easily mixed into smoothies, drinks, or food for a customizable and versatile way to reap the benefits of this powerful ingredient.

3. Ashwagandha Liquid Extract: Liquid extracts allow for quick absorption and are often used in tinctures or added to beverages.

4. Ashwagandha Complex Formulas: Some supplements combine ashwagandha extract with other beneficial ingredients to create comprehensive formulas that target specific health concerns.

These innovations in ashwagandha extract make it easier than ever to incorporate this powerful ingredient into your daily supplement routine and experience its many health benefits.

Turmeric Curcumin

🌿 Turmeric, with its active ingredient curcumin, offers a range of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. It is considered one of the most effective nutritional supplements available. However, curcumin’s bioavailability is limited, and further research is needed to fully understand its potential.

Facts

• 💛 Turmeric contains curcumin, a substance with powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• 🔥 Chronic inflammation contributes to various health conditions, and curcumin can suppress molecules involved in inflammation. However, improving its bioavailability is necessary for optimal results.
• 🔄 Curcumin has antioxidant effects and can neutralize free radicals, protecting the body from oxidative damage.
• 🧠 Curcumin boosts the brain hormone BDNF, promoting the growth of new neurons and potentially fighting degenerative processes in the brain.
• ❤️ Curcumin can improve heart health by enhancing endothelial function, reducing inflammation, and acting as an antioxidant.
• 🦀 Curcumin shows promise in preventing and possibly treating cancer by influencing cancer growth, reducing angiogenesis and metastasis.
• 🧠 Curcumin has beneficial effects on Alzheimer’s disease by crossing the blood-brain barrier, reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, and clearing amyloid plaques.
• 🦴 Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory properties make it helpful in treating symptoms of arthritis, and it may be more effective than some anti-inflammatory drugs.
• 😔 Curcumin has shown effectiveness in treating depression, potentially equal to the antidepressant Prozac, by boosting BDNF levels and neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine.
• ⏳ Curcumin’s potential to prevent heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s suggests it may have anti-aging effects and contribute to longevity.

Role of Turmeric Curcumin in Supplements

Turmeric curcumin is a powerful ingredient that has gained significant attention in the supplement industry due to its various health benefits. Curcumin, the active compound found in turmeric, has been studied for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential anti-cancer properties. In supplements, turmeric curcumin is often used to support overall health and well-being, as well as to target specific health concerns such as joint pain, digestive issues, and cognitive function.

Innovative Formulations and Delivery Systems of Turmeric Curcumin

To enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of turmeric curcumin in supplements, several innovative formulations and delivery systems have been developed. These include:

1. Liposomal Formulations: Liposomal formulations encapsulate curcumin in liposomes, which are small lipid vesicles that can improve the absorption and distribution of curcumin in the body. This helps to increase its bioavailability and maximize its therapeutic effects.

2. Nanoemulsion Technology: Nanoemulsion technology breaks down curcumin into nano-sized particles that are more easily absorbed by the body. This improves the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin, allowing for higher levels of absorption and improved efficacy.

3. Piperine Combination: Piperine, a compound found in black pepper, has been shown to enhance the absorption of curcumin in the body. Supplements that combine turmeric curcumin with piperine can help to increase the bioavailability of curcumin and optimize its therapeutic effects.

4. Sustained-Release Formulations: Sustained-release formulations slowly release curcumin over an extended period, ensuring a steady supply of curcumin in the body. This helps to maintain constant blood levels of curcumin and prolong its effects.

These innovative formulations and delivery systems have revolutionized the way turmeric curcumin is used in supplements, allowing for improved absorption, increased bioavailability, and enhanced therapeutic effects. As research continues to uncover the potential health benefits of turmeric curcumin, these advancements will continue to shape the future of nutritional supplements.

Probiotics

🌱 Probiotics, live bacteria found in certain foods and supplements, have been shown to have various health benefits and can help treat and prevent certain illnesses.

Facts

• 🥛 Northern Europeans consume probiotics regularly through fermented foods like yogurt, while probiotic-laced beverages are popular in Japan.
• 🩺 Probiotic supplements are recommended by some digestive disease specialists for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome.
• 🍽️ Clinical studies indicate that probiotic therapy can help treat gastrointestinal issues and delay allergies in children.
• 💁‍♀️ Probiotics can also be effective in treating and preventing vaginal and urinary infections in women.

Benefits of Probiotics in Supplements

Probiotics are living microorganisms that provide a range of health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Incorporating probiotics into your daily supplement routine can have several advantages for your overall well-being:

1. Improved Digestive Health: Probiotics help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the gut, promoting optimal digestion and nutrient absorption. They can also alleviate symptoms of digestive disorders such as diarrhea, bloating, and constipation.

2. Boosted Immune System: Probiotics stimulate the production of antibodies, enhancing your body’s natural defenses against harmful pathogens. They can also reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections and allergies.

3. Enhanced Mental Health: The gut-brain connection is well-established, and probiotics play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy balance of neurotransmitters that affect mood and cognition. Consuming probiotics can result in improved mental well-being and a reduced risk of conditions like anxiety and depression.

Innovative Strains and Delivery Formats of Probiotics

As research on probiotics advances, new strains and delivery formats are continuously being developed to cater to different health needs:

1. Multi-strain Formulas: Rather than relying on a single strain, multi-strain probiotic formulas combine different bacterial strains to target specific health concerns. These formulas are designed to provide a broader range of benefits and promote overall gut health.

2. Delayed-Release Capsules: To ensure the survival of probiotics through the harsh acidic environment of the stomach, delayed-release capsules are used. These capsules have a protective coating that dissolves in the intestines, allowing the probiotics to reach their target destination without being destroyed by stomach acid.

3. Fermented Foods and Drinks: Some innovative probiotic supplements come in the form of fermented foods and drinks, such as yogurt, kefir, and kombucha. These products contain live cultures of beneficial bacteria that can help restore and maintain a healthy gut microbiome.

By incorporating probiotic supplements into your daily routine, you can harness the power of these innovative ingredients to improve your digestive health, boost your immune system, and enhance your mental well-being. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

CBD (Cannabidiol)

CBD oil, derived from the cannabis sativa plant, has various potential health benefits. Studies suggest that CBD oil can alleviate anxiety and depression, treat select epilepsy syndromes, reduce PTSD symptoms, help with opioid addiction, alleviate ALS symptoms, relieve unmanageable pain, ease diabetic complications, protect against neurological diseases, and inhibit arthritis symptoms.

Facts

• 💆‍♀️ CBD oil can help offset anxiety and depression, with one study showing reduced anxiety levels in participants who received CBD.
• 💊 CBD has been approved by the FDA to treat seizures in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome.
• 🎗️ CBD can reduce PTSD symptoms and is often used in conjunction with therapy.
• 💉 CBD shows promise in helping treat opioid addiction, with studies suggesting it can reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
• 🧠 CBD, in combination with THC, may benefit patients with ALS by providing relief from spasticity.
• 💪 CBD has been found effective in relieving chronic pain, such as multiple sclerosis-related neuropathic pain.
• 🩺 CBD may have potential benefits for individuals with diabetes, helping to regulate insulin-related hormone levels.
• 🧠 CBD has neuroprotective properties and shows potential in treating neurological disorders like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
• 👐 CBD-based treatments like Sativex have been found to relieve pain and improve function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Effects and Applications of CBD in Supplements

CBD (Cannabidiol) is one of the most innovative ingredients in modern supplements. It is derived from the cannabis plant and has gained popularity for its potential health benefits. CBD is non-psychoactive, meaning it does not produce the “high” associated with marijuana use. Here are some of the effects and applications of CBD in supplements:

1. Pain Relief: CBD has been found to have analgesic properties, making it effective for reducing pain and inflammation. It can be used as an alternative to traditional pain medications.

2. Anxiety Relief: Many people use CBD supplements to help manage anxiety and reduce stress. CBD interacts with certain receptors in the brain, which may help regulate anxiety and improve mood.

3. Sleep Aid: CBD has also been reported to improve sleep quality and help individuals with insomnia fall asleep faster. It can promote relaxation and induce a state of calmness.

For more information on CBD and its applications, you can read the Wikipedia page on Cannabidiol.

Emerging Innovations in CBD-based Supplements

As the popularity of CBD continues to grow, there are several emerging innovations in CBD-based supplements:

1. Nanoemulsion Technology: Nanoemulsion technology allows for the creation of water-soluble CBD, increasing its bioavailability and ensuring better absorption in the body. This technology has led to the development of more effective and fast-acting CBD supplements.

2. Combination Formulations: CBD is often combined with other natural ingredients, such as melatonin for sleep or turmeric for inflammation. These combination formulations provide a synergistic effect, enhancing the benefits of CBD.

3. Product Diversification: CBD supplements are now available in various forms, including oils, capsules, gummies, and topical creams. This allows individuals to choose the most convenient and suitable form for their needs.

These innovations in CBD-based supplements are constantly evolving, driven by ongoing research and consumer demand. As more studies are conducted on CBD’s potential benefits, we can expect to see even more innovative products in the future.

Adaptogens

Overview of Adaptogens in Supplements

In recent years, adaptogens have gained significant popularity in the world of supplements. Adaptogens are herbs or plant-based compounds that help the body adapt to stress and promote overall well-being. They have been used for centuries in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Adaptogens work by modulating the body’s stress response and balancing various physiological functions. They help the body adapt and cope with physical, mental, and emotional stressors, promoting resilience and enhancing overall health and performance.

Some of the most popular adaptogenic herbs used in supplements include ashwagandha, rhodiola rosea, holy basil, and licorice root. These herbs have been extensively researched for their adaptogenic qualities and are known to support the body’s stress response system.

Innovative Adaptogenic Blends and Combinations

Supplement manufacturers are continually innovating by combining multiple adaptogenic herbs and ingredients to create powerful formulations that target specific health concerns. Some of the innovative adaptogenic blends and combinations include:

1. Stress and Anxiety Support: Supplements that combine adaptogens such as ashwagandha, rhodiola rosea, and holy basil with other calming ingredients like L-theanine and lemon balm to support stress reduction and promote relaxation.

2. Energy and Performance Boost: Formulations that combine adaptogens like Panax ginseng, maca root, and cordyceps with natural energizers such as caffeine, green tea extract, and B-vitamins to enhance mental and physical performance.

3. Hormonal Balance: Supplements that blend adaptogens like shatavari, dong quai, and vitex with specific nutrients like vitamin B6 and magnesium to support hormonal balance in women.

These innovative adaptogenic blends offer a convenient and effective way to incorporate adaptogens into your daily routine and address specific health needs. It’s important to choose high-quality supplements from reputable brands that use standardized extracts and ensure product safety and efficacy.

Overall, adaptogens are a fascinating category of ingredients in modern supplements that offer promising benefits for stress management, overall well-being, and performance. As research on adaptogens continues to grow, we can expect to discover even more innovative formulations that harness the power of these natural compounds.

Probiotics

Probiotics, often referred to as ‘good’ or ‘friendly’ bacteria, are live microorganisms that confer numerous health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. They are an integral part of the human microbiota, the community of microorganisms living in our bodies. The human gut, in particular, houses a complex and diverse microbiota, which plays a crucial role in our overall health.

Probiotics are increasingly being used in dietary supplements due to their potential health benefits, especially for the digestive system. They are believed to restore the natural balance of bacteria in the gut, which can be disrupted due to various reasons such as antibiotic use, illness, or poor diet. By doing so, they aid in maintaining a healthy digestive system.

The mechanism of action of probiotics is multifaceted. They can compete with harmful bacteria for nutrients and attachment sites, thereby inhibiting their growth. Some probiotics can also produce substances such as lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide that create an inhospitable environment for harmful bacteria. Additionally, certain probiotics can stimulate the body’s natural defense mechanisms, enhancing the immune response.

The health benefits of probiotics are vast and varied. They have been shown to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Some studies suggest that probiotics may also play a role in weight management, mental health, and even allergy prevention.

However, it’s important to note that not all probiotics are the same. Different strains of probiotics have different effects, and what works for one person might not work for another. Therefore, choosing the right probiotic supplement can be a complex task. Factors to consider include the specific strain of probiotic, the number of live organisms (usually expressed as colony-forming units or CFUs), and the delivery system of the supplement.

Moreover, while probiotics are generally considered safe for most people, they can cause side effects such as gas and bloating in some individuals. In rare cases, they can also lead to serious infections in people with weakened immune systems.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat that are essential for our health. They are termed as ‘essential’ because our body cannot produce them on its own, and we must obtain them from our diet or supplements. There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA is primarily found in plant sources such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. EPA and DHA are found in fatty fish, fish oils, and algae oils.

Omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role in the functioning of our body and brain. They are an integral part of cell membranes throughout the body and affect the function of the cell receptors in these membranes. They provide the starting point for making hormones that regulate blood clotting, contraction and relaxation of artery walls, and inflammation. They also bind to receptors in cells that regulate genetic function.

One of the most well-known benefits of omega-3 fatty acids is their positive impact on heart health. Research has shown that they can reduce the risk of heart disease in various ways. They have been found to decrease triglyceride levels, lower blood pressure slightly, reduce blood clotting, decrease stroke and heart failure risk, and reduce irregular heartbeats.

Omega-3 fatty acids also have anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is a natural response to infections and damage in your body. Therefore, it’s crucial for your health. However, inflammation sometimes persists for a long time, even without an infection or injury. This is called chronic or long-term inflammation. Long-term inflammation can contribute to almost every chronic Western illness, including heart disease and cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids can combat some of these diseases and are particularly effective against chronic inflammation.

Given their numerous health benefits, omega-3 fatty acids are increasingly being used in supplements. They are available in various forms, including fish oil, krill oil, and algal oil supplements. These supplements can help individuals meet their omega-3 requirements, particularly those who don’t consume enough omega-3-rich foods.

However, it’s important to note that while omega-3 supplements can help people meet their daily requirements, they should not replace a balanced, nutrient-rich diet that is high in omega-3-rich foods. As with any supplement, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that have numerous health benefits. They are beneficial for heart health and have anti-inflammatory properties. Omega-3 supplements can help individuals meet their omega-3 requirements and reduce the risk of heart disease and inflammation. However, they should be used as a supplement to, not a replacement for, a balanced diet.

Conclusion

Innovation is the driving force behind the supplement industry, constantly pushing the boundaries and introducing new ingredients to enhance our health and well-being. The introduction of innovative ingredients has had a significant impact on the supplement market, providing consumers with a wide range of options to address their specific health needs. These ingredients offer unique benefits and have been backed by scientific research, making them a valuable addition to modern supplements.

Impact of Innovative Ingredients on Supplement Industry

The inclusion of innovative ingredients in supplements has revolutionized the industry in several ways:

1. Enhanced Efficacy: Innovative ingredients often bring new health benefits to supplements, allowing consumers to target specific health concerns or goals more effectively.

2. Increased Consumer Demand: The introduction of innovative ingredients has sparked consumer interest and created a demand for more specialized and personalized supplement options.

3. Improved Quality: With the incorporation of innovative ingredients, supplements have become more refined and of higher quality, ensuring better results for the users.

Key Considerations when Choosing Supplements with Innovative Ingredients

When selecting supplements with innovative ingredients, it’s essential to keep the following considerations in mind:

1. Scientific Evidence: Look for supplements that provide scientific evidence to support the efficacy and safety of the innovative ingredient.

2. Reputation and Transparency: Choose reputable brands that prioritize transparency, providing detailed information about their ingredients and sourcing practices.

3. Dosage and Formulation: Ensure that the supplement contains an appropriate dosage of the innovative ingredient and that the formulation is designed to optimize its absorption and bioavailability.

By considering these factors, you can make informed decisions and reap the maximum benefits from supplements that incorporate innovative ingredients.